Civil Rights and Equality

African American Civil right and Equality Tara Faircloth HIS 204 Mr. Galano October 28, 2011 The topic I have chosen to write about is how African Americans worked to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to obtain equality and civil rights. Ever since the African Americans were slaves they have had to come a long way to get where they are today. Some have even held positions in political offices, managed corporations, and gained all the rights that everyone else has. But, it’s never always been that way. African Americans were treated unjustly and had to go through things that most people cannot understand and have never had to endure. Over the generations African Americans have had to deal with many different struggles. Some of these struggles were unnecessary. Such as, them having to be a witness to their parents death, men would be witness to the rape of their mothers or wives, children being murdered or beaten. Back in those days the African Americans had no voice or rights. When they first came to the United States, African Americans were sold into slavery, which meant them or family members were auctioned to the slave owners. On top of this and other struggles, African Americans had to bare unmentionable punishments. They were sprayed with high power water hoses, beaten with sticks and wipes, arrested for no apparent reason, and even murdered. Between the 1950’s and 1970’s many people took part in actions to end the segregation, discrimination, and isolation among the African Americans. Some of these people included, Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. who took part in nonviolent actions, which involved sit-ins, boycotts, marches and other peaceful types of protests. For example, On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks who was also known as the â€Å"Mother of the Civil Rights Movement† who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. Because she was disobedient by law she was arrested, tried, and convicted for misconduct. After Rosa Parks made her stand, word spread within the African American communities. Fifty African American leaders put together the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which demanded more humane transportation system. The boycott lasted 381 days before the local ordinance segregating African Americans and whites on public buses was abolished. In 1965, a federal court forced the buses to become desegregated. Martin Luther King Jr. was an American activist, clergyman, as well as a leader in the African American Civil Rights Movement. He is to this day still known as an iconic figure for the advancement of civil rights within the United States and in other parts of the world, as well as for using nonviolent methods that he learned from Gandhi’s teachings. Martin Luther King Jr. s made to be a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism. When King started the civil rights movement he was a pastor at a Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, for just over a year when the civil rights advocate contested racial segregation on city buses. The activists followed King and formed the Montgomery Improvement Association which boycotted the transit system. Finally, since the African America ns were ready to do something to support their rights they followed Kings Advice to â€Å"work with grim and firm determination to gain justice on the buses in the city†. He was respected and it was thought that his family connections and professional standing would enable him to find other pastorates, if the boycott was to fail. On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was shot standing outside on the balcony of his second story hotel room. The bullet went through his check smashing his jaw, and then went through his spinal cord just before it lodged inside his shoulder. Martin Luther King Jr. was pronounced dead later that night. African Americans began participating in boycotts, marches, and sit-ins to get legislation passed to overcome their degrading issues. Some cases of these are, they boycotted when Rosa Parks was arrested, during sit-ins they would sit where the white people section was. By doing any of these actions it created more issues for them such as being beaten by white men and women including the police. Although, the African Americans were just trying to stand up for what they believed in the white people did not agree. The white people had very different views on what they believed were supposed to be the way of things. While the civil rights movement took on two different paths which were the non-violent actions by Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. there were also violent acts that were the strategies of Malcolm X who went by a strict principle of violence to get even with the whites that committed crimes against the African Americans. Malcolm X was born May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. He was the son of a Baptist minister, who was an admirer of Marcus Garvey. Garvey was the African American Nationalist leader back in the 1920’s the advocated the â€Å"back-to-Africa† movement. Malcolm’s family had to move around a lot because they were harassed by the Ku Klux Klan. For example, their home in Michigan was set on fire by the Ku Klux Klan which resulted in his father’s death. At the age of fifteen Malcolm began a criminal life of gambling, selling drugs, burglary, and hustling. In 1946, Malcolm was given ten years in prison for burglary at this time is when he began to transform his life. He transformed his life by studying the teachings of Muhammad and practicing this religion faithfully. After he expanded his vocabulary he began to understand the racial teachings of his new found religion; which believed the white man was evil, and they were doomed by Allah and that the best things for the black man to do was to separate himself from Western, white civilization-culturally, politically, physically, and psychologically. In conclusion, the African Americans had to endure a lot of pain and humiliation before they could have their own rights. If it wasn’t for everyone that took part in the civil rights movement African Americans probably never would have received recognition and being treated the same as the white man.

The Story of the Next Hour

It was Richards who had conversed with the doctors and, in veiled hints that revealed in half concealing, informed the others as to the heartbreaking truth of the tragedy. It was he too who dealt with the necessary arrangements for the body whilst the remainder of the house was engulfed in a storm of grief. With a paralysed inability to accept its significance, Brently sunk into the depths of the roomy armchair that stood facing the open window. With his face masked by his cupped hands he remained there, screening from the view of Josephine the vast sea of tears that overwhelmed his face, lest it distressed her further. Richards feeling for the vast loss of his dear friend, put his arm about his shoulder as if to try and ease away the pain that had woven itself to him. However he was instructed by Brently of his need to be left in solitude and with that he retired from the room. Pressed down with physical exhaustion, he hauled his burden away up the stairs towards the only room in the house where Louise's presence lived on as strong as ever. On seeing this, Josephine also took to her feet and fled from the house with a sudden wild abandonment after being caught up in the event of the last two hours. Louise had once been an elixir of life to Brently. He had lived for her and had idolised her every move with admiration. As he passed her body on his way to their room, his sanctuary, he was struck dumb with how life like her delicate body looked. Her cheeks still bloomed as they had done the day she had agreed to marry him, blushing with the same tint of cherry just as when white lilies are crowded with roses and take on their red. Her eyes too, such deep green, as green as all the oceans of Neptune, still bore her soul and it opened the door to his heart and melted it. As he reached the door of the bedroom he and Louise had shared together for what seemed only a few moments in the vastness of eternity, he was reminded of her sweet nature by the delicious breath of her sweet perfume that lingered in the air and as he passed across the room he was sure he heard her voice somewhere in the distance proclaiming the love she felt. There stood, facing the open window, he reminisced on times forgone, his face, whose lines now bespoke repression, wet with tears. And as he gazed out of the window upon the world carrying on around him he could see the leaves falling from the trees, amber, brown, gold, signifying the end of one chapter and the beginning of a new. Just at that moment a faint tapping was heard at the door and Brently heard Josephine imploring for admission. â€Å"Brently, Richards will go with Louise if you wish. Its time to say your farewells† Traversing the staircase down to the open door Brently collected himself. It was only yesterday that he had felt like Louise and him were falling apart and had begun to detach the bond they once had shared. He then thought to the future for the first time since the incident and with a shock revelation and the realisation that he was now free to venture forward on whatever path he so did choose, he composed himself for his life to come. Peering out of the doorway, Brently now became conscious of the reality that stood before him; this would be the final opportunity to gaze upon his wife. Having been hit by this sudden awareness of the situation, his sight became focused towards the horse drawn cart preparing to draw away. Within a moment however, overcome with grief at this pivotal point in his life, he remained content with sharing in her presence alone and was left with a less desirous wish to fix his eyes upon her fragile body lest the pain be overbearing. To see her lying there, motionless and with her lifeblood drained from within would have been too shattering and the thought of letting her go too unbearable for contemplation. Having collected himself once more for the events, which were to follow, with a word of thanks to Richards for his assistance in the affairs of the day, he embraced the companion whom he valued so dearly, the companion who had relieved the ache that was trapped within his heart. â€Å"Take care of her for me† † I would do nothing less† With this Richards picked up his gripsack and boarded the cart. Silence surrounded them as the cart pulled away and grief tortured those who would carry the burden around with them forever, but within the cart Richards and Louise rejoiced in the happiness that lay before them and with minimal thought for the grief they had left behind they turned the corner, both in the road and in the winding passage of life.

Using evidence from at least 3 domains critically evaluate the extent Essay

Using evidence from at least 3 domains critically evaluate the extent to which evolutionary psychology provides an adequate explanation of human behaviour - Essay Example 250). While other theories on human behaviour can explain some types of behaviours better than evolutionary psychology, this branch of study has credibility through understanding that the adaptive traits that are exhibited in human beings are part of a process that can explain all aspects of behaviour from an historic, and prehistoric perspective of viewing the natural adaptive development of the human species. In order to examine the effectiveness in evolutionary psychology in explaining human behaviour, universal conditions can be examined for the common responses that are seen within the species. Using evolutionary psychology as a way of understanding attraction behaviours, for instance, reveals that men and women find each other attractive based on attributes that promote the survival of the species. Women will find men with resources more attractive, while men will find physical attraction, which is associated with good health and child bearing potential, a more important attribute in potential mates (Keil & Wilson, 2001, p. 751). Part of understanding evolutionary psychology requires an understanding that the behaviours that are present within the human species are directed towards specific adaptive purposes. Vuchinich and Heather (2003) argue that addiction behaviours are the result of an evolved psychological mechanism that has been shifted in the process of drug dependence (p. 251 ). This type of exaptation allows the researcher to examine the underlying cause of the responses that an addict will have to addiction seeking stimuli. Finally, looking at the example of aggression allows for the exploration of a set of behaviours that are typically tied to responses that are more blatantly tied to evoked responses. The frustration-aggression hypothesis postulated by Dollard suggests that when faced with a frustrating stimuli that would instigate the behaviour of aggression, a

The Making of a Business Magnate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Making of a Business Magnate - Essay Example Every person perhaps has a childhood dream. However, such a dream does not always assure one’s success or failure in life. There are so many factors that affect what will really become of a person. Nevertheless, one cannot deny the fact that a childhood dream will always have some influence on a person’s future as discovered in this individual’s journey in life. At around the age of nine, this man wanted to become a businessman, a financial analyst, banker or perhaps an investor. In this author’s opinion, this dream is common to the Chinese so that it has been an easy choice to have at such a tender age. There are so many successful Chinese businessmen around the globe so it was also easy to have popular models for the child to look up to. Perhaps the most influential person in this person’s life is Henry Chow, the former chief executive officer of IBM Greater China Group. He is a popular and respected figure in modern technology and business, a com bination this man wants to employ in his own career. Currently, the dream of becoming a successful businessman has not changed much and that is the reason for the perseverance in this person’s life, to pursue his education in America. In addition, though, this person also wants to run his own business in the future. As a member of the Chinese race, it is a brand for this man to be hard-working and determined. Chinese are known to have high tolerance towards difficulties. Perhaps one of the reasons for the success of most businessmen is their ability to work from early morning until late in the night. In addition, they are also thrifty. They can be able to multiply their wealth by making wise investments instead of spending all their hard-earned money on things that may benefit them but will not really be productive enough to increase their fortune. Five years from now, it is this author’s desire to add to the list of being branded as a determined and hard-working Chine se the characteristics as being tested, reliable, successful and creative banker and businessman. As mentioned in the story of Who Owns the Icehouse? a tested reliability is important in business. This is greatly agreed upon because its truth and importance is not only applicable in the business industry but also in other professions. Anyhow, it is this man’s dream to be known as a reliable person because he believes that whatever endeavor he is going to indulge in; will carry such a characteristic. For instance, it is known that Apple gadgets are most preferred by customers even if they are more expensive than other brands because they are known for the quality of the brand. In addition, this person also would like to be listed among the most successful persons not only in China but also in the world. However, it is desired that the success will not only spring from being hard-working, determined and reliable but also from being creative. Indeed innovation is not a new thing in the business industry but it is a factor that greatly affects business and which separates or identifies an individual or a business from the others. Ten years from now, this man is going to be on the cover of one of America’s popular magazines, Forbes. The article will detail how an unknown Chinese broke into the limelight with his highly creative inventions. The innovation will be the highlight of the article because that is the most important thing that matters to this man.     

Speaker Presentation Response Papers (the lecture is recorded) Assignment

Speaker Presentation Response Papers (the lecture is recorded) - Assignment Example Indeed, her work area broadly caters to meet the needs of the children, especially those coming from less privileged segment of society. The sports events have become major platforms through which she ensures the benefits of society in myriad ways. Deb has discussed the activities of the organization and the various ways people can contribute to make the world a better place. Kroenke supports and raises funds for various non profit organizations which are working in areas like education, health, recreation, fitness etc. It has especially been very supportive to sports and sports related activities amongst children. While being sponsors for various sports team like Denver Nuggets Basketball team, Colorado Avalanche Hockey team, Colorado Rapid Soccer team etc., they also organize sports clinics for children where they are coached by famous sports persons. Most importantly, the sports events sponsored by Kroenke and myriad other creative ways are designed towards raising funds for the c auses which benefit community. There were four issues that seemed particularly important: community relationship is a real life profession; how one can respond and make life better for others; one person can make a difference; and media is a two way sword. While each of the four issues is different, the common factor that they share is the commitment to the cause. Dowling is an exemplary leader because she is capable of motivating others to a common goal. She has termed community relationship as a profession because it needs full commitment of the person. A person who can network with variety of people and convince them to a cause to an extent that he or she becomes a positive contributor to it, is indeed a true professional. This revelation has really raised my confidence because till now, I believed that my love for community work was just a hobby or part time social work. I had never realized that it had such huge scope of expansion. Like Deb Dowling, I can also make efforts in b uilding partnership and forge strategic alliances with public and private enterprises to make significant difference in the lives of people in the community. I think being an intern in the company would give me huge exposure to the myriad way that I can contribute towards the wider welfare of society. A community has various needs, part of which is met by government and the rest must come from within the society that is endowed with more privileges in life. Cut throat business and financial success has become major goals of contemporary society. When Deb said that a person must contemplate as to ‘how one can respond and make life better for others’, she has actually given a great insight into the life of people. We are all so busy in our own agendas of life that we forget we are also part of society which may require our help. The aged, the infirm, physically and mentally challenge children and adults or the poor who cannot even afford basic human necessities like food, cloth, shelter, education etc. are few of those people who should be extended help and provided with opportunities to improve their standard of living. We have often been very touched by the plight of people living in under developed countries who die of hunger or cold. Even amongst us, we are often indifferent to the needs of others because we are losing the sensitivity and compassion. There is a Mexican family in my

Luciano Berio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Luciano Berio - Essay Example Together, they form the image of the young, mid-century composer, who is far cry from being introverted, "ivory-towered artist" stereotype. Berio was born in Oneglia, a small town in Northern Italy, where both his father and grandfather were church organists and composers. After preliminary study with them he entered Milan Conservatory specializing in piano, conducting and composition. In 1951scholarship took him to Berkshire Center at Tanglewood Massachusetts where he studiedwith Luigi Dallapicolla, who taught there that summer. In 1953, he attended the Darmstadt Summer School and met Stockhausen and Boulez, and learned about their musical interests. His totally-controlled Nines (1955) already described, reflects this trend. In 1960s Berio wroteseries of solopieces for flute, harp, solo voice, piano and trombone called Sequenza. In each discovers and exploits new sounds from the instruments. The Sequenza for trombone is particularly interesting in its absolutely new sounds; somecombination of the trombonist's singing or humming while he plays, as a result of blowing through the instrument without embouchure, others by tapping the side of the instrument. The Sequenza for voice also calls for sounds emanating from the throat. These pieces show Berio's interest in enriching timbral resources. They call for a new kind of virtuosity that goes far beyond conventional standards. The most ambiti The most ambitious and successful of Berio's works to date is Sinfonia (1968), written for eight voices (The Single Sisters) and orchestra, combined in that close connection -voices sounding like instruments and instruments sounding like voices- already found in Circles. In no sense a conventional symphony, the word Sinfonia is used in its original; meaning of "sounding together". Sinfonia is in four movements. The first is dominated by voices, speaking and humming, occasionally punctuated by crashing orchestral sonorities. The texts, spoken in stuttering manner, are from Le Cru et le Cuit, a study of Brazilian folklore by Claude Levi-Strauss, the French anthropologist. It is slow moving and carefully articulated between the vocal and instrumental sections. It is obviously planned and purposeful and is therefore unlike Stockhausen's Hymnen where there is little if any causal relationship between parts. The second movement is a tribute to the memory of Martin Luther King; the vocal parts consist of nothing more than the chanting of his name. The movement is elegiac and bell-like timbre and melodic outline. Instruments and voices are so interwoven in long, sustained unisons that it is difficult to distinguish between them. The third movement is the longest and most original. It is based on the third movement of Mahler's Second Symphony which is played as a more or less constant "background" but there are also references to Bach, Schoenberg, and Debussy, Strauss, Ravel, Brahms, Boulez, Stockhausen and others. In the foreground one hears snatches of a Beckett play and student slogans from recent confrontations. It is an amazing dreamlike jumbling together of sound images from the past and the present, reminding free associations of James Joyce's Ulysses or Finnegan's Wake, where different languages and dictions are brought together in a time-destroying present. Berio speaks of the movement as a documentary of an objet trouve (the Mahler movement), recorded in the mind of the listener. As a structural point of reference, Mahler is the

The Analysis of the Poem To his Coy Mistress Essay

The Analysis of the Poem To his Coy Mistress - Essay Example However, the lovers have no such time. ‘Seize the day,’ or carpe diem, in Latin, is how the phrase is translated. However, it literally means, ‘pluck the day.’ One must take the day at its face value and use it to its fullest extent. In other words, seizing the day, we must not waste a moment and/or take it for granted at all. Friendship, however, was an altogether entirely different animal. Friendship is particularly an interesting theme which Shakespeare the depths of which he was able to plumb. Before one every gets into a love relationship or a marriage, it’s important to be prepared in one’s mind, and spirit, for a relationship. One needs to have confidence in one’s friendships first. Friends have to know how to love themselves. This may seem like a no-brainer, but loving oneself is the first step to learn how to love someone else. One should love oneself unconditionally, just the way one is. One must, ultimately, love oneself, firs t and foremost. It’s not being selfish, it’s not being self-centered; one must simply be convinced of the fact that everyone deserves love just as much as anyone else. Loving oneself encompasses so much more than just liking oneself. Additionally, one must earn how to love others. In addition to loving oneself, and being one’s own friend, one must also learn how to love other people. ... One wants to be an emotionally strong person. One should show that one is strong enough to handle relationships by conveying one’s sense of emotional maturity. One must come into one’s own by realizing what is the childish way to handle a situation, and what is the grown-up answer to a problem. Once one takes accountability for one’s actions as a fully-functioning human being, then and only then can one be completely emotionally honest with oneself as well as other people. Without this kind of strength and understanding, it will be difficult to be in a relationship that will last for any length of time. The main importance of this poem, and the factor ‘why we should care,’ is because this poem is a call from the past to recognize the elemental nature of human life: that life is short, and—whether we have friendships and/or lovers, we should learn to cherish both because time passes quickly and, at any rate, is most definitely passing by at a r ate that is faster than we might expect. At the end, climaxing, the poet Marvell clearly states, â€Å"Let us roll our strength†¦into one sweet ball/†¦tearing†¦Through the iron gates of life.†2 Then he talks about making the sun stand still, and yet make it run. Marvell has shown, in this poem, the various epochs of life, why lovers should ‘seize the day,’ and the true meaning of life—that we should live it fully because we never should take our days for granted because we don’t know when it will end. Marvell’s poem speaks to the beauty of nature, the everlasting wonder of love, and touches upon so many chords that strike within us. Ultimately, he touches our hearts by reminding us that

Relegion and marraige health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Relegion and marraige health - Assignment Example Two related journals will be used to further substantiate the findings. Studying this topic will help us understand the influence religion has on marriage. The findings of religion health relationship have tremendously increased over the years. It will help in making informed decisions on how religion affects marriage and how to handle this situation. The questions asked are, The relationship between marriage and religion is complex in the context of church attendance during a week. Many of researches carried out have shown a deep relation as to why some marriages are not healthy due to one party in the marriage frequenting the church a lot in a week. Contrary to that, also different results have been derived from the same hypothesis. Some marriages have grown healthier because of frequenting the church (Marks). Irrespective of the religious affiliation, the results of the studies differ a little when it comes to the health of the marriage. It has been found that married couples that attend the church many times a week together have a healthier marriage than married couples who do not frequent the church together In this paper, the z-test was used to get these results. The test was used to sample thought of over 30 people. The valuable measures are H0: P = P0 against H1: P>

Multiple types of laws Essay Example for Free

Multiple types of laws Essay During last week’s session multiple types of laws were introduced and their differences were discussed. One of the types of laws that were discussed were civil laws. Civil laws were created to â€Å"compensate parties and businesses for losses as a result of another’s conduct† (Melvin, 2011). This means that these laws were created for certain types of conduct against another party to be handled civilly between them. For any type of offense that is handled civilly, the defendant will need to repay the plaintiff for any loss suffered. Another type of law is criminal law. Criminal laws â€Å"are a protection of society and the violation of criminal laws results in penalties to the violator such as fines or imprisonment† (Melvin, 2011). This means that these laws were created to protect all of society against criminals that disrupt the peace of others. Another type of law that we focused on was â€Å"Common Law†. Common law, also known as â€Å"Case Law†, is a basic system to ensure that cases with similar commonalities are treated fairly and consistently. For example, imagine that you are the victim of a reckless driver who side swipes your car, and the judge is now responsible for deciding whether the defendant is liable for the damages in question. The judge will listen to the statements in court and refer to common law in other cases to ensure that the party is fairly dismissed or prosecuted, depending on the verdict. The type of law that many people have heard of is statutory law, also known as written law. Unlike Common Law, Statutory law is made by legislature and written down (hence the â€Å"aka† written law). Statutory Law is a concept in order to underscore the distinction between laws that a governing body makes and case law. If looking for an example of Statutory Law, you do not have to travel too far, or fast I should say; posted speed limits. This means that the speed limit is â€Å"formally† (and literally in this case) written and enacted. Another law that was discussed last week was substantive law. â€Å"Substantive law is the statutory, or written law, that defines rights and duties, such as crimes and punishments, civil rights and responsibilities in civil law†Ã‚  (Melvin, 2011). This law defines and regulates individual’s rights. Some example substantive law is the law of contracts, torts as we talk about in the last lecture along with real property and the essential substance of rights under the law. Substantive law and procedural law are the two main categories with the law. Procedural law sets the rules and methods employed to obtain one’s rights and in particular how the courts are conducted. This law basically defines and creates rights limitations under which society us governed. References Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Psychology, IT and Individualism Essay Example for Free

Psychology, IT and Individualism Essay As information technology continues to develop with more people getting exposed to it, numerous changes are also taking place the field of psychology. Previously, many IT analysts frequently argued that psychology was taking longer than enough to implement and adopt technological advancements. However, recent researches indicate that the practices and methods applied in psychology have greatly transformed as a result of changes in information technology. First, the internet has been one of the major latest trends in psychology; it is highly associated with psychopathology (Wilson 2004). For instance, depression and loneliness have often been connected to the excess use of the internet since it results to addiction. Secondly, there is the use of information technology in counseling and psychotherapy. This is currently being done via the internet; this has resulted to some lack of privacy and confidentiality as well as loss of effectiveness in the practice since some important features such as facial expression and verbal expression has been lost (Wilson 2004). IT is also applied in research and development in psychology to enhance further growth and generation of useful knowledge. For instance, the authors of the current DSM IV-TR applied computerized criteria in revising the classification of disorders in the manual to come with a less flawless criterion of categorizing disorders and disabilities. Using IT, today’s psychotherapists have been able to make numerous improvements in the way through which they can reach, counsel and correspond with their clients (discussed in the next section) (Azucena, Hunter, 2001). The growth of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy refers to private individual counseling by professional psychotherapists. As a highly growing trend in psychology, psychotherapy is used by psychotherapists to assist them in developing deliberate interpersonal relationships with their clients as a strategy for helping the patient to improve their well being. The trend applies many modern techniques of building closer relationships with the patients such as face to face dialogues, home phone calls and regular visits of the therapist to the client (Azucena, Hunter, 2001). This trend is basically aimed at improving the mental health of the patient through interpersonal relationships. This represents a great shift in the nature of counseling psychology, psychiatry, occupational therapy, clinical psychology and other related fields in psychology. In essence, psychotherapy is not a new trend in the field of psychology since over the years, people have received private reassurance and counsel from others; what is new and becoming increasingly famous in psychology is the application of modern and deliberate professional techniques in psychotherapy. Such psychotherapeutic techniques include online counseling whereby a therapist handles client personally through creating client accounts where he can easily relate with the client on one-on-one(but not face-to-face) bases (Tredinnick, Fowers, 1999). Most of the new psychotherapeutic techniques are possible because of the advancements in the use of information technology in the field of psychology as discussed above. For instance, therapists encourage clients to use social networks to be able to communicate easily with them and their families. In addition, they also approve the use of phone calls whereby clients are free to call their physicians at any time of the day so that they can discuss their issues at convenience. However, modern psychotherapy is not without a number of flaws. Recently, concerns have greatly risen concerning the advancement of individualism in psychotherapy (Tredinnick, Fowers, 1999). Psychotherapy encourages individualism on both the therapist and the client. Individualism is a term used in psychology to refer to ways through which people recognize themselves only and concentrate on individual goals as opposed to collectivism. In this sense, psychotherapist no longer view psychotherapy as a collective discipline that require combined efforts with other experts in the field since they are in a position to carry out counseling and psychiatry without involving anybody else—they can visit their clients at home, chat with them online and make home phone class with them. This has resulted to a great decline in the success of psychology as a collective discipline (Tredinnick, Fowers, 1999; Azucena, Hunter, 2001). Conclusion The use IT in psychology and the advancement in psychotherapy are important developments in psychology and should be highly encouraged. However, it is upon therapists and other psychological professionals to ensure that this new trends are used effectively to prevent the decline evident in cooperation among professional bodies in the field of psychology due to individualism. References Azucena, P. G. , Hunter, H. G. (2001) Redefining Therapeutic Success with Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy, Cyber-psychology Behavior, 4(3), pp. 484-489. Fowers, B. J. , Tredinnick, M. G. (1999). Individualism and psychotherapy; are psychologists leading or following individualistic trends? Counseling, Psychology Quarterly, 12(3): pp. 303-313 Wilson, J. T. et al (2004). Current trends in psychology and the behavioral sciences. University of Pittsburgh press: Pittsburgh, PA.

Defining The Term Human Communication English Language Essay

Defining The Term Human Communication English Language Essay The study of human communication might be very complicated but also be attractive. The process of human communication has been an interesting topic in many areas. Human communication may be difficult at times, because people need to communicate with others of various language skills. As Givens states Our complexity is seen through our use of verbal and nonverbal communication on a daily as well as our ability to interact with fellow human beings on multiple levels, mentally and emotionally(2008,  ¶ 1). Humans are a social animal who has to belong in the community, which is why we cannot help talking with other people. There are several basic and essential pieces of information about human communication that is needed to understand this assignment. Above all, Human communication is: the process of creating and sharing meaning through the use of symbols (Givens, 2008,  ¶ 1). Also, Verbal communication is defined as the ways in which you use the words in a language to generate meani ng. Interestingly, verbal communication involves not only oral words but also literal words. This assignment will firstly consider the main reason why communication between humans does not work, which is because of using idiomatic language, and the reason why communication between humans does work, including gestures. Secondly, the two positive impacts of the electronic age on communication are the convenience of using technology whenever people want, and speed of access. Lastly, my opinion on what it is like to communicate full time in English as my second language, regarding difficulty with understanding idiomatic language. A reason for communication to fail is because of the use of idiomatic language. First of all, second language speakers are not familiar with the idioms, because the actual interpreted meaning is different from the literal meaning. Idiomatic language refers to many words or phrases that are a familiar and everyday feature of our language but to a foreigner, idioms are difficult to understand because their meaning is very different from the literal meaning of the words (Campsall, 2010,  ¶ idiomatic language). Especially, the idiom phrase that the young people often use is no way, Sarah! and Thats real cool. These two sentences are the example of idiomatic expression. Everyone could notice that idioms exist in transformed collocation which cannot make any sense if the order is mixed (Korepela, 2009). The difficulty in understating idiomatic language does not just apply to face to face conversations. The difficult idioms are also applied to reading books and journals, watching movies, and making phone calls; that is, all those cases are related to reading and listening. As mentioned previously, idiomatic language might be very difficult to understand especially in reading, because the reader may consider a different meaning from the actual interpretation. People read to understand meaning, so reading is similar to interpreting. It is sure that it is hard to grasp the meaning of idioms especially for foreigners, as those belongs to only first language speakers who have used that allusive expression for a long time (Bandura, 2001). Then, it cannot be easy to comprehend the meaning of specific idioms in listening; even it is a big problem in reading. If even really simple sentences are spoken quickly, second language speakers might not interpret the meaning; so idioms are difficult. Sometimes, implicative speech and a trial of a euphemism confuse international people. Therefore, it is indispensable to figure out the meaning of idioms in casual conversations, otherw ise the probability of failing communication is high. As Vasiq mentioned Students need to learn more idioms if they want to talk more naturally and to understand the ideas of whom they are talking to because, in everyday conversation native speakers often use them (2008,  ¶ 1). The learning of idioms is not limited, because there are so many, so the allusive and idiomatic language has a potential to be the reason of failing communication. To sum up, idiomatic expressions may cause a conversation to be unsuccessful. A reason for successful dialogue is body language. The gestures used while talking, are also called non-verbal communication. As informed in the introduction, communication includes written words as well as oral words. Then, the meaning of non-verbal communication is opposite to verbal communication, which is the conversation without any kind of written words. According to Devito (2002, p.140), you communicate nonverbally when you gesture, smile or frown, widen your eyes, move your chair close to someone, wear jewelry, touch someone, or raise your vocal volume and when someone receives these signals. Body language, in other words non-verbal communication, is a form of dialogue, which will be accomplished with interaction between more than two people. In speaking, a person asks when there are people who can answer, a person answers when there is a question; the same principle applies equally to gestures. It is an effective way of talking with eye-contact, smiling face, and adequate h and movements in relations to contents of the dialogue. Although people talk with international people, they can recognise what the second language speakers are trying to say in their face expressions and eyes; This situation only happens during face to face conversation in person. There are several kinds of non-verbal communication, but one of the most represented is eye-contact. As Devito (2002, p. 140) states: Research on the messages communicated by the eyes (a study known technically as oculesis) shows that these messages vary depending on the duration, direction, and quality of the eye behavior. For example, in every culture there are strict, though unstated, rules for the proper duration for eye contact. In the U.S. culture the average length of gaze is 2.95 seconds. The average length of mutual gaze (two persons gazing at each other) is 1.18 seconds. Interestingly, there are some functions about eye contact and eye-avoidance. The functions of eye-contact are to read the audiences face, and to let people know the beginning and the end of speech. In contrast, the functions of eye-avoidance are to protect ones privacy, and is also a signal of disinterest. In brief, physical body movements lead to the communication being achieved. The impact of electronics on communication enables people to communicate every minute of the day. As electronic devices have developed, our lives became more convenient, for example, hearing world news on television, holding a conversation via the internet online chatting, sharing documents by e-mail and giving opportunities to impaired people to study. Electronic communication is not only a new tool but also a new way of communication (Hiltz Turoff, 1993). However, the basic reason of all these could be used more efficiently is because there are no time limits. People in the world can contact each other whenever and wherever they want. With electronic communication, the recipient receives the message within a few seconds of the sender sending it (Buzzel, 2009,  ¶ 2) The recipient can read the message anytime, anywhere according to his convenience. Therefore, the easy access makes human communication more active. Electronic communication tools like so many others are incredibly fl exible. Email, discussion board postings, instant messages, and live chat can be conducted at any time during the day or night (Humnet, 2002,  ¶ 2). The Moodle system which is employed in the University of Waikato also assists the communication between students and lecturers. The students in Waikato University do not have to meet the professor in person, because they can use on the Moodle site and ask lecturer about questions or problems of the course. In addition, that system is not only for between students and lecturers, but for between students and students to share ideas whenever they need. If the students post a draft of their essay, their colleagues read it through and give a feedback on how well it is written. All this work is done in the 24 hour-Moodle system, so students do not have to make an appointment to meet in a physical space, which might be wasting their time. Communication is not fulfilled by one person. Communication works when there is more than one person to exchange ideas and information (Adler Rodman, 2008). In other words, the more people gather, the more lively their discussions will be. Actually, in considering communication with people who live in another country, we have to spend significant time and money in most cases. However, it is very economical to use the internet and cell phones which have not been really limited in space and time. In summary, availability of electronic communication whenever people want positively influences human communication. Improved electronic tools, which have an effect on communication, give us fast connections with other people. The meaning of speed is not directly related to efficiency, but the speed helps work to be finished efficiently. Dealing with the work rapidly means saving time, so saving time is economical and efficient. Promptness of connection makes communication to be proficient. Let us assume that we are in case of contacting our neighbors. Making a call on cell phone, sending an e-mail, and online chatting would be faster than visiting their place. We can get in touch with people quickly; meaning we can contact more people in the same amount of time. But for residents of low-income neighborhoods, high-speed Internet access means more than convenience: It could be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ economic opportunity (Varon, 2010,  ¶ 1). It can be seen that if we try to contact friends who are in overseas, we can feel that this fast connection is really economical. Actually, it is difficult to get in touch with international friends without electronic tools. This speedy contact gives us benefits of not only saving time and money, but being very useful in urgent situation. We often get breaking news from television, and internet news about which person passed away, what kind of incidents occurred, and the global economic state. The faster the news is delivered, the quicker the solution is raised. Informing news is also one of the communicational activities (Moore, n.d.). Additionally, there is another positive impact of rapidity, which is sharing documents via the internet. Sharing files that can be useful to other people is another kind of communication like studying (Moore, n.d.). Therefore, rapidity affects the efficient communication in the developed electronic age. My opinion on speaking English, which is not my mother-tongue language, is mainly based on the difficulty of understanding informal idioms. I will talk about the experience in New Zealand with speaking English and this paragraph is related to body paragraph one. With English being the universal language, most countries adopt English and make it into a subject at school. Especially, Korea which is my country emphasises cramming system of education, so the school starts at 8a.m. and finishes at 11p.m. However, all we have learnt in English class in Korea is mostly reading involving vocabulary and grammar. We do not have chances to learn informal idioms at all, because we do not have to speak the language. As for me, the unanticipated opportunity to study broad was given, and it was also a chance to feel that learning idioms is necessary. As said before, the reason idioms are difficult is the meaning of an idiom is different from the actual meaning. One of the idiomatic expressions that I know is I couldnt help it. One day, my Korean friend sent me a text to meet up in a cafe for lunch but I was really busy with preparing for a test and doing an assignment. Then, I replied Sorry, I cannot help it My intention was to tell her that I am not in a good situation to meet her right now. After that, she replied me again help I have many friends to have lunch with me à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dont think Im alone. She was little unpleasant that she did not want to be treated or helped just for having lunch. Finally, she figured out what I meant but it was a really embarrassing happening. Here is another example similar to mine. As Parkinson (1997, p.217) said: There was a brief item a year of two ago in an English newspaper about a motorist giving a lift to a young Frenchman who was hitchhiking. When the grateful passenger got out at his destination and thanked his benefactor rather profusely, his thanks were acknowledged by a brief Dont mention it. The Frenchman a little nonplussed but willing to co-operate, reply I wont tell anybody. Second language speakers have even more difficult with informal idioms than native speakers because second language speakers encounter idioms far less frequently in their lives (Beate, 2003). In short, in my opinion, informal idioms are difficult to speak in English which is not my native language. In conclusion, this assignment has focused on the reason of why communication fails while people are talking, which is particularly due to second language speakers being not conversant with idioms. Contrastingly, the reason people can talk with international people is because of non-verbal language. Also, this essay has talked about two positive influences of electronic devices on human communication; which are having communication access and the ability to exchange information fast. Finally, I have given my opinion about using English as a second language, examples of the difficulty faces with understanding informal idioms. On the whole, human communication can be interesting if people try to make the conversation succeed. It may be achieved by learning more informal idiomatic expressions, using gestures while talking, and using electronics in a positive way. Then, human communication would be really interesting and helpful for studying in peoples lives.

Macon Museum of Art Essay -- Business Management Marketing Essays

Macon Museum of Art Macon Museum of Art, a not-for-Profit Corporation, is facing major financial problems since 2000 and up till 2002. Actions were needed to stop this cumulative loss and to achieve some profit for 2003. After reviewing the case at hand, one can see through the brief history of the museum that it was founded since 1925. In 1998, its name changed into the Jonathon A . Macon Museum of Art, the major benefactor whose endowment helped expending the facility in the district. The Macon Museum has different collections which are displayed periodically due to space limitations, but each collection is set in its building architecture that accents the display. This fact makes it impossible for someone to visit the museum for just one time and claim that he saw it all. It would take a person at least four times to have the opportunity of observing all the displays. Moreover, with the 7 days a week schedule, these four visits could be done by any person regardless the flexibility of his/her timetable, especially by the free admission feature. And one can see that starting 1998, the total museum attendance has made a remarkable rise, it might be related to the new blocks opened at that period. Yet the presence of visitors in special exhibitions did also improve through the years but never above average of the total attendance. Internal functions of the museum are divided into three: 1- Collection and Exhibitions 2- Development and C...

Richard Cory, by Edwin Arlington Robinson :: Richard Cory Analysis

A. Title: The title of this poem suggests that it is about a man, possibly a man people like and possibly a man they do not like. From the vagueness of the title the man could be an outcast. B. Paraphrase: When Richard Cory goes downtown, people look at him. He was dressed nice from head to toe, clean and very thin. He was alway quietly well-ordered and human when he talked. But he fluttered when he said, "Good morning," and glittered when he walked. He was richer than a king and very well mannered and graceful. We thought he was everything, and wanted to be him. So he worked and waited for light, didn't eat meat and hated the bread, one summer night he went home and shot himself in the head. C: Connotations:The poem is written in quatrains ABAB, CDCD, EFEF, GHGH and has an irregular rhythm to it. There is imagery in the poem when it says, "he glittered when he walked." Everyone liked Richard Cory and wanted to be him because he was so perfect, however Richard Cory was still unhappy which caused his untimely demise. D. Attitude: The speaker in this poem is most likely a person from the town that represents the town as a whole, a synecdoche. "We," being everyone who had ever seen Richard Cory. The attitude of the speaker is one of possibly reverence. The townspeople liked Richard Cory because of how he was and they were sad to hear that he had killed himself. The attitude of the poet is that what happened had happened and it couldn't be changed. Even though Richard Cory had everything a man could ask for, he was still unhappy. E. Shifts: There are no shifts in speaker throughout the poem but the attitude of the poem takes a turn towards morbid at the end of the final quatrain when he kills himself. The shift is important because it gets to the main point of the story. Just because someone has everything and appears happy, does not mean that is truly how they are. F. Title: The title for this poem after reading it could be seen as his epitaph on his gravestone; his name posted at the top and then a small story about his life and

Bimala’s Journey from Confinement to Independence Essay

The Home and the world is a book that discusses issues such as the Bengal partition movement, the issue of nationalism and ideas about what a country is etc. A major theme is this book is the relationship of the home and the world which is outside. All three characters play a major role in influencing this theme in different ways. Nikhil enjoys the modern way of living while Bimala is quite the opposite, following the true Hindu tradition, never goes out of the house. â€Å"Once I had asked Bimala to come out into the world. Bimala was in my home, she was a mere doll, confined to a small space, caught up in the trivial duties.† These lines taken from the beginning of the book shows what kind of a person Bimala was and how Nikhil saw the person he was married to. Bimala is a proper house wife where she seems to be confined to the traditional female role, and has no thoughts of entering the real world, even with persuasion from her husband. â€Å"Can there be any real happiness for a woman in merely feeling that she has power over a man? To surrender one’s pride in devotion is woman’s only salvation† These lines show us how she willingly devotes herself to her husband and believing that no job is more wonderful in the world. Although she may be happy doing it, she is in face very weak and powerless where she believes that serving her home is her only job . However with the introduction of Sandip, who is a supposed politician, comes into her life as Nikhil’s friend speaks of nationalism with such fire, she begins to see things as a nemesis to her way of life. Now, Bimala quickly embraces the idea of making a difference and makes a transition from the home into the world, as suggested by the novels title and starts taking an active part in the independence movement as Sandips partner or ally. By doing this, she seemingly gains a lot of power and, in the process, gets attracted to Sandip. Although it seems as though Sandip worships her and claims that she is the â€Å"queen bee† of free India, in reality, his affection towards her is not sincere as he tricks her into stealing money from her husband for the cause of swadeshi â€Å"Bimala has no patience with patience. She loves to find in men the turbulent, the angry, and the unjust. Her respect must have its element of  fear.† This description of Bimala shows us why she was attracted to Sandip and ultimately the swadeshi movement where she took an active part. This quality was the reason she makes this transition from the home to the world because she meets Sandip who shows her the outside world from his eyes which may not be the world Nikhil was trying to get Bimala into. There are 3 distinct phases in Bimala character arc the first being her traditional immature self where she is incapable of deciding who she actually is. The second being her active involvement in the swadeshi movement which got her more involved in the world, although still being immature and acting differently towards every character in the novel, she was not a single person but a person with many different identities. The third and final phase is where she realizes what she has done for Sandip upon reflection and is now aware of all the dirty work he made her to do and Is now a changed and mature person who is the same with everybody. Bimala’s struggle is with her identity. She realizes that she is part of the world but only knows that her home is a mix of cultures. She is confused between supporting the ideal of a country or working towards ensuring that her home is free from strife and supporting her husband like a true traditional Indian woman. She is forced to try and understand how her traditional life can mix with a modern world and at the same time, not be undermined.

Six Dimensions of Health Worksheet

For each of the following six dimensions of health, list at least one characteristic, activity, belief, or attitude that reflects that dimension in your life. Provide a brief explanation with each example. Refer to Ch. 1 in the text for explanations of these dimensions. Physical health: As of right now eating healthy is part of my physical health. Since I am currently over eight months pregnant I am focusing on eating healthy and once the baby is born I will focus on exercise to better my physical health. Social health: Being open and honest with my family and friends is a way I work with my social health. This is a healthy way to keep and form relationships with them and new people I come into contact with. Intellectual health: During my scheduled class time I have made for myself I am working my brain to use my intellectual health. I sometimes have to critically think and dig deep into my thoughts to bring out information to help educate others as they do the same for me. Environmental health: Living in the state of New York recycling is the law so by doing so I am keeping my environmental health stable as well as helping the Earth to stay healthy. Emotional health: Sometimes my pregnancy hormones try to get the best of me, so I must learn to stay calm and convey them in a more appropriate way. Talking about things is a way to get things off my chest and relieve stress in a healthy way. Spiritual health: Being true to what I believe is a way I stay spiritually healthy. It allows me to stay at peace with myself throughout the day. Part 2 In approximately 125 to 200 words, describe health and wellness in your own words using the ideas and concepts for each of the six dimensions of health. Being healthy and having overall wellness is more than just a physical aspect in our lives as human beings. In order to have health and wellness is a combination of the six dimensions of health: physical, social, intellectual, environmental, emotional, and spiritual. Keeping these aspects healthy and equal can sometimes be a challenge. To me wellness is being able to keep all of these dimensions at a healthy level. They are all linked in some way. Each of us may link them differently, but to achieve good overall wellness we have to work at each dimension. Physical health is more than just eating right and exercising, but is making good choices for our body. Social health is more than just dealing with the way we communicate with others but how we deal with certain social situations. Intellectual is more than just how we think but how we act upon our thoughts. Environmental does not just affect what we do to the environment but how we can better it using our intellectual and social health. Our emotional and spiritual health affects more than just ourselves, but others also and we must work towards all of these to attain health and wellness.

Inflated Language

Inflation, It’s now Effecting our Words Inflation is a word that is often referred to when talking about economies. When talking about the economy inflation is when there is too much currency so its value is lowered. The more rare something is the more it is worth. That is a very simple concept that can apply to so much more than economy. Inflation has infiltrated school, society, and even language. Ever since I was a little child, I have been showered with words like terrific, fantastic, and incredible, and I bet I am not the only kid who can say that.Everyone is treated like the best because when we are kids and our being raised by are parents they see us as the best in the world no matter what we do. The people who raise us have this view of us that we are better than everyone else. This showering of compliments starts very early and continues into school. School is a place of extremities. Everything is a great success or a work in progress. Words like terrific or excellent have not become standardized but have become relative to everyone. What is â€Å"terrific† for one person could be someone else’s â€Å"horrible†.The student is compared to him or herself instead of everyone in a school. Language is unique because of its flexibility, but this very same flexibility causes words to lose their meaning because they become over used. I know that this happens in school because I have seen it happen while I have gone through our education system. I was in a class where just turning in papers got you a one hundred percent and a comment saying great job. The distributions of these words have led everyone to think that they can do no wrong.People think that no matter what they do they should get an award and a pat on the back. All these ideas come from society. Everyone always talk about where the bar is set for things. This is an ongoing metaphor used to show what people will accept as good. This â€Å"bar† is set by society as a whole and society is accepting less and less. This acceptance of less means the distribution of successful words like fantastic, which is the formula for inflation. Too much of a product means it’s worth less, and that is what is happening to our language.

That Crazy Little Thing Called Love

Brooke Zimmerman Heskett 31 January 2013 English 102 That Crazy Little Thing Called Love The following verse is from 1 Corinthians 13:4-7: â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, and it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always hopes, always perseveres. † This verse is an example of many peoples view on a kind of love that is â€Å"perfect†, a kind of love that is understanding, non-judgmental and, most importantly, respectful.As individuals, everyone has their own cultural and social beliefs that they must uphold. Is sex before marriage okay? Is sex before marriage not okay? There are many questions surrounding the debate on whether sex before marriage should be frowned upon or if it should just be accepted and people shouldn’t be judged about it. Different people have their own opinions and everyone tends to think that their opinion is right. In general, sex is a very private and special thing no matter how old or what kind of person someone is.Your sexuality is a huge part of who you are as a person. Sex should be between consenting adults. Not because people need to be a certain age to have sexual interactions per-say, but because of the amount of mental risks that are involved with them. There are many emotional consequences of premarital sexual involvement and many worries that come along with it. Worry about pregnancy and STD’s is normally at the top of the list. For many people, this is a huge emotional stress and can really take a toll of a person family life and social life.Regret, self-recrimination and guilt come next. For girls, they are more likely to â€Å"see sex as a sign of commitment in the relationship† and when all of a sudden the relationship gets broken off, they feel cheated and cheap (Linkota, Par. 4). Al so with the guiltiness comes a kind of loss of self-respect. Many people feel a loss of self-respect for many reasons. For example if they discover that they have a STD they all of a sudden feel â€Å"dirty† and like a low-life.Even if someone doesn’t contract an STD, temporary sexual relationships can lower the self-respect for both the person that was being used for sex and the person that was the one using someone. Casual sex can lower self-esteem, which can eventually lead a person into a cycle of casual sex to try to find some kind of self-worth. Though this cycle can be a possibility for some comfort, it eventually catches back up with someone and the self-esteem breakdowns occur sooner or later. When people go through many breakdowns and feel so down on themselves, they will start to develop trust issues and a fear of commitment.Younger people who feel like they were used only for sex in a relationship may experience difficulty with trusting people and letting t hem in when it comes to future relationships and may also start to feel very cynical towards the emotion or even the idea of love and being in love. On a more serious note, after being hurt so many times and after feeling betrayed and used so many times, some people will go into a deep depression and even consider suicide because they feel that they have absolutely no self-worth or that they have no other purpose in life other than just being a sexual item to be tossed around from person to person.In the past 25 years, teen suicide had tripled. In a 1988 survey by the U. S. Department of Health and Human services, one out of five adolescent girls and one out of ten adolescent boys had stated that they had tried to kill themselves because of the feeling of being used in a relationship. Along with all of these negatives, there also seem to be some positives to premarital sex. Many people say that there truly are some great positives that can come from premarital sex. Marriage should b e viewed as a commitment that a person makes for the rest of their life.In olden times, many people waited until marriage to have sexual relations and found that they were very unhappy with their sex life and this unhappiness is what caused many divorces and love affairs. To be sure that marriage will have a chance at lasting, a person should â€Å"probably participate in some safe sex prior to the marriage† (Rlanda par. 6). Another thing that people find beneficial about sex before marriage is the intimacy that it brings upon us before marriage. Many couples who later become married and have never had any sexual relations before that marriage typically don’t really have any idea what to o when it is finally â€Å"okay† for them to have sexual relations with someone. Having sex before marriage helps a couple explore each other’s sexual compatibility. It also exposes a person to the kind of intimacy that his or her partner likes. Typically, sexual intercou rse with a person for the first time is very uncomfortable no matter how â€Å"experienced† someone is. Sex before marriage helps in â€Å"making sex life better after marriage† (Kamalasanan par. 7). Another benefit to sex before marriage that people always seem to refer to is that it gives you experience.It is believed that if a person has sex before they are married, they will have better experience and will have certain knowledge about what to do when they finally decide to settle down with someone for the rest of their lives. Nobody wants to sit there awkwardly on their honeymoon when they first get married and have no idea what to even do. I tend to think that there are more cons to sex before marriage then there are pros. In the relationships I’ve witnessed that have included premarital sex, almost all of them seemed to end in heartbreak.No, not the little heartbreaks that people get over in about a week, but the kind of heartbreaks that take months and mo nths to get over and cause depression and self-image issues. With the breakups that I’ve witnessed, the girls that didn’t have sexual relations with their boyfriend- of the time had a quicker recovery time when it came to the breakup compared to the girls that broke up with their boyfriend that they did have sexual intimacy with. The way I see it, sex is for people that truly love each other and plan on spending the rest of their lives together and not with anyone else.Even if couples have promise rings to each other, I still don’t think that means it’s acceptable to have premarital sex because I’ve witnessed couples that had premarital sex and promise rings to each other still ended up breaking up, which caused the girls great heartache because they thought that that guy was â€Å"the one†. All in all, everyone will have their different views and ideas about sex before marriage. Whether it’s from personal experience or religious-base d beliefs, two people will almost never have the same exact view on this subject.Even though the subject has many obvious views as to why sex after marriage is better than sex before it, there are really no specific rules regarding why someone shouldn’t have premarital sex if that person really wants to. Works Cited Kamalasanan, Bhadra. â€Å"Should People Wait for Marriage to Have Sex? † Should People Wait for Marriage to Have Sex? N. p. , 3 Apr. 2012. Web. 04 Feb. 2013. Linkota, Thomas. â€Å"What’s the BIG DEAL About Sex? † Physicians For Life. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. Rlanda. â€Å"Pros and Cons of Sex Before Marriage. † HubPages. N. p. , 31 Mar. 2009. Web. 31 Jan. 2013.

University Life

It has already passed more than one year since I entered this university. Now, I think that it is good for me to talk about my university life. I want to focus on an aspect this time. It is also relevant to my aim which I had had when I entered this university. It is the language study. I am majoring in English, so I have many English classes every week. At first, I got very nervous whenever I have to give my opinion and make a presentation in class, because I had not had such experiences before. However, I think that it is the valuable exercises to get accustomed to express my own opinions and feelings.Besides, I am challenging to get a high score in TOEIC. It is also an important target. My second foreign language is Spanish. I feel that all of European languages are very difficult in grammar and paradigms. I like Spanish, however, because it has a cheerful mood. However, I think my true second foreign language is Chinese. It is also spoken by so many people. I have Taiwanese frien ds and got interested in it. I took Chinese lessons last year. This year, I am planning to start a private lesson by a native Chinese next week.I think that I can make such an effort because I got incentive to study Chinese from the meeting with my Taiwanese friends. By experience, I learned that the language study needs an incentive. A pleasant part of university life is long vacations. It is very good to consider a plan. I am considering about staying in Australia in next summer vacation, and I also hope to stay in Taiwan in next spring vacation. I think it will be an enjoyable vacation and an opportunity for me to get an incentive for the language study. I should have such unforgettable experiences in my university life.It is a great use of vacations, isn’t it? However, I have sometimes lost my original aim in my university life. In my curriculum, there are not only languages but also other various subjects such as social subjects and sciences. I have to take those classes too. When I am plowed under with homework for the classes and work to the deadline of reports, I often failed to attend to studying of languages. I was content with only finishing those assignments in time. In order not to waste the lesson, I am trying to set the order of priority this year, so that I can get satisfied when I graduate.My aim is not to write reports for sociology and history. I came to this school to improve my English, study other languages, and become able to orient myself to life in other countries. As a conclusion, I am determined to enjoy learning foreign languages. I really appreciate I can do so. I think that my university life will be fruitful, no, I will make it meaningful. Of course, I do not have to become a perfectionalist. As long as I came to this university, I want to achieve my original aim. I really hope that I can enumerate what I gain in my university life, when I am asked, â€Å"What have you got in four years? †

Porters Diamond framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Porters Diamond framework - Essay Example The porter diamond factors of competitive advantages of a nation include; the government, factor conditions, port competition, related and supporting industry as well as the demand conditions that should be applied in all organizations so as to have high competitive advantages over their competitors. However, the framework may not be applied in most organization as it does not incorporate the multinational activities. The introduction of the generalized double diamond model has led to the significant changes within the organization. This framework takes into consideration the multinational activities whereas the porters' original diamond model takes into account the traditional home-based activities. In addition the porter's diamond framework makes an explicit connection between the geographical and the international industries therefore the industries can easily access raw materials for their company and can also market their products where they can get market for their produce. Companies gain competitive advantages through getting involved in the innovative processes within their organizations. The approaches of innovation involve use of the latest technology and gaining knowledge on how to carry out the activities of an organization effectively. The innovation processes are manifested through using new product designs, new production processes, having marketing approaches as well as conducting training campaigns within the organizations. Porter Diamond framework The Porter Diamond framework was initiated by Michael Porter and is used in determining the competitive advantages of a country or a region. According to porter 1990, it states that the competitive advantage of a country is created and sustained by going through a highly localized process. However, the diamond framework determinants of countries or regions do not necessarily contribute to the success of a country. Porter analyzed the factors that contributed to the international companies' success and why they were successful than other companies .He observed that success was as a result of implementing the porters favorable national diamonds factors. The extended porter diamond factors of competitive advantages of a nation include; the government, factor conditions, port competition, related and supporting industry as well as the demand conditions (Fuss, and Waverman, 2006). These interlinked advanced factors for the competitive advantages for countries or regions in the porters' diamond framework are; Factor conditions; Porters says that the main factors of production are created but not inherited. The specialized factors of production are capital, skilled labor and infrastructure. The general use of the factors and the non-factors such as the raw materials and unskilled labor can be easily made for a company and therefore do not generate sustained competitive advan

FASB Standards Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FASB Standards Overview - Essay Example The essay "FASB Standards Overview" talks about the FASB, and particularly Statement No. 116, in which over the vociferous objections of many of its constituent not-for-profit organizations, decided that unrestricted pledges should be reported as revenue in the period received. They should measure the pledges at â€Å"the present value of estimated future cash flows using a discount rate commensurate with the risks involved†. They should take into account both anticipated bad debts and the time value of money. If they establish an allowance for uncollectible(s), then they should use a risk-free discount. If not, then they should use a higher rate-one that takes into account the risk of being unable to collect the pledge. They should not both establish an allowance for uncollectible(s) and adjust the discount rate for risk. That would cause the default risk to be accounted for twice. Entities need not discount pledges to be collected within one year. To avoid recognizing contri butions as revenue before they are available for expenditure, not-for-profits should consider pledges of cash to be received in future period as subject to time restrictions. The FASB concluded that by promising to make payments in the future, donors implicitly restrict the donated resources to support of future, not current, activities. The recipient organizations should classify them as temporarily restricted. When the cash is received and available for expenditure, they should release resources from the temporarily restricted category.... Contributions also include unconditional promises-that is, pledges- to give those items in the future. Thus, pledges are regarded as contributions, although they exclude conditional promises to give these items in the future. A conditional promise depends on a specified future and uncertain event to bind the donor. For example, a university alumnus may pledge funds to construct a new physics laboratory if the university is successful in winning a government research grant. Contributions must be distinguished from exchange transactions. A contribution is a transfer of assets in which the donor does not expect to receive equal value in return. An exchange transaction is a reciprocal transfer in which each party receives and gives up resources of commensurate value. For example, if a private corporation were to give a not-for-profit research foundation funds to study the cause of a disease with the expectation that the results would be published in a scientific journal, the transaction would be considered a contribution. If, on the other hand, it gave the funds with the contractual agreement that it would have the rights to resultant patents, then the transaction would be an exchange transaction. The difference between the two is not always obvious. When people join the local Friends of the Library Association, do they do so to support the library's scholarly activities or to benefit for the right to attend member-only lectures Do they join the American Automobile Association to promote auto safety and good roads or to obtain emergency road service and travel directions Do they join the AARP to advance the interests of senior citizens or to take advantage of low-cost life and auto insurance

Infertility and Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Infertility and Public Health - Essay Example First of all, family members are less likely to ask uncomfortable questions at family social functions if they know that a couple is having trouble conceiving. Second, friends and family can better understand the tendency not to attend baby-related parties or gatherings if they know about the infertility. Gurevich (2008, pg. 1) claims that, "Perhaps the number one benefit of sharing is getting support. When you feel ill from some fertility medication you're taking, or down when your period comes and you have another negative pregnancy test, being able to call up your sister, cousin, or friend can really help." In this particular case, the couple is suffering from some of the pitfalls that can occur when a couple decides to tell their friends and family about their infertility problems. Their family wants to be helpful, but they are not exactly sure how to do so. They are reacting the best way they know how, but it is making the couple uncomfortable. The family members are trying to 'fix' the problem, but the advice is not based on sound medical research. Trying to tell family and friends can also result in blaming or causing extreme discomfort any time the subject of babies is brought up. As an infertility counselor, I would make three suggestions to the couple regarding this situation.

Involving Parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Involving Parents - Essay Example After successfully contacting and personally interviewing a citizen academy official, I was able to obtain substantial information on the measures and plans that they put in place to ensure an effective partnership and participation of culturally and linguistically parents in their organization. The first question I posed to the official was on the approximate number of CLD parents who participate in the organization. Unfortunately, the official did not have an exact figure of the number of CLD parent in participation in citizens Academy. However, according to the views received from the official, it was evident that only a few CLD parents are involved despite the organization’s effort for equal representation of all CLD parents in the Academy despite regardless of cultural and linguistic diversity. The last meeting that was held, the official revealed to me that only five families precipitated. Regarding the groups from which the parents come from, it was evident that a number of diversified groups are represented in the organization. The groups of parents, as retrieved from the interview, are from the Louisa county public health, the university of Lowa, Columbus junction lion’s club, family credit union, Columbus junction police department, and the united Presbyterian church. CLD parent in Citizen Academy participate in a various ways to ensure that all issues and questions they raise are appropriately answered. The major participation of the parents is through the attendance of frequent held meetings held by the organization. The organization also holds field trips to various destinations, which provide a medium for the parents to participate actively. The concerns from the CLD parents are mainly because of the diversity in cultural and linguistic backgrounds. The unique characteristic raising a major concern is that the parents are refugees from underdeveloped countries, who are new to the region; hence are

Origin and Development of Pop Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Origin and Development of Pop Art - Essay Example Before the movement, people never thought that art was something that anyone could do. The movement, therefore, brought about a revolution in the West and the western culture went pop crazy within a few years. This work gave birth to realism in pop art. Hamilton developed his art from commercial art sources. This was a time when the influences of advertising and mass communication was setting an important stage in America there were numerous television stations and newspapers that were being published daily. In addition, movies and plays theatres were open at any hour of the day or night, and this served to encourage artists during the 1950s. Besides the visual arts, the Pop Art movement, from 1960s incorporated pop music, mainly rock and roll music. The initiation of this era was a result of the attempt of the US artists to borrow from blues to create a musical style that was impressive to the new movement and its related generation. In the 60s and 70s, the Pop Art development was faced by opposition from the community who found the rebellion of the teenagers as negative to the social structures. However, the gains by the music entrepreneurs and the artists’ promoters made the movement even more strong to the extent that it became relatively acceptable. However, it was still associated with the young and revolt generation that was out to gain independence from the family. This is due to the complete originality and freedom of innovation that has characterized the culture.

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Rights - Essay Example Considering the natural rights, in particular, are rights of a person, and thought to be beyond the authority of a governing body or international organization. This theory was developed by the famous philosopher John Locke (Wikipedia n.pag). Human rights, democratic system and the statute of law are center ethics of the European Union and entrenched in its beginning pact. They have been toughened by the adoption of a Charter of Fundamental Rights. Value for human rights is a precondition for countries looking to join the Union and a requirement for countries that have business pact and other agreements with it. The European Union considers human rights as universal and inseparable. Hence they promote it aggressively and protecting them within its boundaries and in its relationships with outside nations. The European Union’s human rights policy is made applicable to civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. It also looks ahead to encourage the rights of women and children in addition to minorities and displaced persons. The terrorist activity is one of a main concern and the fight against it is given most priority. Even though European Union has superior human rights evidence, yet it is not satisfied. It is mainly anxious about human rights in the area of refuge and migration and it is against racial discrimination, and other types of unfairness to minorities. The European Union has a long practice of welcoming people from other countries. The European Union has already given the rights of the five million non-EU refugee personnel lawfully recognized in the European Union, even with the right of family members to join them. Several steps have been taken up for setting up a Common European Asylum System with approved measures for granting and withdrawing refugee status and setting reception environment for asylum seekers. Further, a European Refugee Fund has been built up

The death penalty of Kasab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The death penalty of Kasab - Essay Example A major ethical issue is whether the death penalty of Ajmal Amir Kasab was justified or not as several agencies of human rights and the leaders of several minority groups have asked this question against the decision or verdict of The Indian Supreme Court as according to them, death penalty cannot be justified in any case. The death penalty of Ajmal Kasab can be considered as one of the favorite debatable or argumentative topics. The article mentioned in the appendix is full of ethical issues as Ajmal Kasab killed innocent people without any reason only for the sake of terrorism and religion. On the other hand, human rights and the leaders of minority groups demanded mercy of Kasab for the sake of ethics and non-violence. Therefore, it can be considered as an ethical issue. Argumentative Analysis There are two different types of ethical theories regarding the source of value and integrity, such as non-consequential reasoning and consequential reasoning. The ethical issue in the death penalty of Kasab will be discussed through the use of the above mentioned theories. Consequential Reasoning It is true that ethical theorists or thinkers have criticized the effectiveness and justification of consequential reasoning as this ethical reasoning generally ignores the basic value of moral assumptions and categories. A consequential theory generally judges the wrongness or rightness of a particular action based on the consequences of a specific action.

The Custody of the Pumpkin Essay Essay Example for Free

The Custody of the Pumpkin Essay Essay The Custody of the Pumpkin is a humorous piece written by P.G. Wodehouse that mocks the aristocrats of England in that time. In the story, the main character is Lord Emsworth, who represents the upper class and their eccentric nature. The humorous behavior of Lord Emsworth makes him the most memorable character of the story. Emsworth is depicted as a â€Å"fluffy-minded† man who takes great interest in trivial toys and paraphrenelia. This is shown in the very beginning of the story where Lord Emsworth is looking through a new telescope and says, â€Å"I’ve been swindled. This dashed thing won’t work.† His faithful butler, Beach, responds, â€Å"Perhaps if I were to remove the cap from the extremity of the instrument, my lord, more satisfactory results might be obtained.† This dialogue shows us how Lord Emsworth bought the telescope, without even realizing its full purpose and fuction. This humorously portrays him as a fanatic, interested in the frivolities that have no real purpose to him. His child-like obsession is underlined when he says, â€Å"Beach, I see a cow!† This shows his unjustified passion for such strange toys. Compared to his respectable lineage, his achievements are depicted as very meaningless. The writer subtly puts this across when Lord Emsworth is anxious about winning a pumpkin contest, which he had missed out on till that day. Wodehouse writes that he had won awards before ones that had held very little value- â€Å"for roses, yes. For tulips, true. For spring onions, granted. But not for pumpkins; Lord Emsworth felt it deeply.† This line makes his achievements seem miniscule compared to his predeccesors who were warriors, statesmen and tailors. This makes him stands out to the reader as a peculiar sort of ‘overachiever’ in his field of interest, which is trivial in itself. Lord Emsworth is also humorously shown to be obsessive about his precious pumpkin- â€Å"Blandings Hope†. He also believes that his former head gardner Angus McAllister had an emotional connect with the pumpkin. He says, â€Å"Perhaps the pumpkin was pining for him too.† This makes him humorous to the  reader, by depicting him as a very concerned ‘parent’ to the pumpkin. This concern is later intensified when his son, Frederick, comes to visit him in London from his estate. Emsworth jumps to silly conclusions about the pumpkins- â€Å"What’s wrong? Have the cats got at it?!† The son seems confused and asks, â€Å"Cats? Why? What? Where? Which cats?† Then Emsowrth clarifies, â€Å"Frederick, speak! What happened to the pumpkin?!† This portrays Emsowrth humorously as an obsessed and anxious man. Even his son â€Å"ridiculed† him. Throughout the story, Emsworth’s character is constantly fretting over his beloved pumpkin, not even caring as much for his own son. These idiosyncracies of Lord Emsworth are what make him most memorable and enjoyable to read about. His eccentric, anxious and childish nature paints a character in the reader’s mind that is humorous and difficult to forget.

Effects of Reintroduction of Capital Punishment in the UK

Effects of Reintroduction of Capital Punishment in the UK The legal and political effects of re-introducing capital punishment into the British Criminal Justice System. Acknowledgement I would like to thank Ms Rebecca Greenhalgh of the charity group Amicus, who provided endless assistance with source materials and statistics reflecting the psychological effects of being on ‘death row’. Amicus is a charity based organisation that assists the lawyers of families of death row prisoners and also provides help with coping with the stress that goes hand in hand with the anticipation of execution. Help is also provided in order to assist with prison visits and other initiatives for the benefit of raising awareness of the unconstitutional status of Capital Punishment in the USA. Appetiser â€Å"I remember the pounding fists of the wooden railings that kept the mob out of the sand covered courtyard. I can still smell the burning embers of Ellion’s pages as they rose above the various bonfires that lined the outskirts of the crowd. These were the ashes of testimonies given by Ellion during the trial but I mourned no loss, for as long as Ellion was alive, his words, teachings and truths would never be lost. I took the final steps of my life knowing above all else that my path was great. I chose to dwell on only one sight and it was not the mob and their deafening cries as they yelled the word HERETIC alongside the din of the executioner’s drums. Nor do I remember the sight of the wielded axe and the faceless man who held it high above my head, ready to strike away at the last of my breath. I remember, but one thing, I remember as I looked up at the distant Minoton in flight, I witnessed it soar up into the skies that at last, to me, boar the eeriness that I could comprehend. I now knew that it was the eeriness that comes with the discovery that these were not the skies that had known of our forefathers. The last words I ever spoke resounded in the ears of the peoples of Giddo Kaata for all time. â€Å"For Peace and Knowledge.† With that the drums halted and the crowd was silent. I closed my eyes as I knelt and felt a slight breeze, then pain and, as I opened my eyes again, I found myself in a vast world of perpetual darkness, and I feared nothing. Live long Ellion, the man for whom I die. Live long, and recite your chronicle.† Extract from ‘The Heretic’ by Nicola Louise Tysoe (unpublished, copyright Nicola L Tysoe) Contents Page (Jump to) Introduction Part 1: The legal effects of the re-introduction of capital punishment into the  British Criminal Justice System 1.1 History 1.2 Effects of the Human Rights Act 1998 and the ECHR 1.3 Comparison with USA, the need to repeal the Human Rights Act 1998 1.4 The Legal Consequences for Britain as an EU Member State and a brief mention of the recent Turkey situation 1.5 The legal effects of International Law Treaties Part 2: The Political Effects of the Re-introduction of Capital Punishment into the British Criminal Justice System 2.1 Internal Politics 2.2 The European Policy with Turkey as an example 2.3 The Alterations of the International Political Alliances with the UK 2.4 Resultant Weakness of the UK’s participation in international politics 2.5 A USA/UK Alliance Introduction The death penalty was abolished in 1965 as a result of the Sidney Silverman (MP) private member’s bill. The debate on the concept of re-introduction did however take place although with increasing failure and with the current governance of the Human Rights Act 1998, the question is now posed, what would be the legal and political effects of the British re-introduction of the death penalty? In order to answer this question it is important to give a brief overview of the history of death penalty reform in order to become aware of the core issues that motivated changes in the law that profoundly stretched over a period of time that included the Napoleonic wars, the industrial revolution, the rise of an educated, middle class, two world wars and their aftermath of social enlightenment. The importance of this exercise will be to also reveal the type of social and political climate that would form the necessary pre-requisite for inspiration to finally abolish the death penalty. Further to this, the effect of the ECHR and the Human Rights Act 1998 will be assessed and comparison with the wording of the US Constitution will provide the subject of analysis for contrasts between pro and con death penalty policies as well as illustrate how capital punishment is allowed in a country that has a Bill of Rights. In light of the UK’s commitments to the ECHR, the legal consequen ces of re-introduction of the death penalty will be revealed in part one, with a complimentary description in Part 2 of the political steps that the UK would have to take in order to realise this hypothetical goal. Part One will end by giving a description of the contrasting commitments under international law treaties. As already explained, part two will discuss the political consequences for the British re-introduction of the death penalty. This means that, as well as stating the steps required for realisation of a death penalty policy, there will be a detailed analysis of UK internal politics, as well as the Country’s relationship with the political, international community and current weaknesses. The purpose of this exercise will be twofold. In the first place, it will be necessary to fully understand the position of the UK in global politics and, in the second place, this understanding will, give way to a more accurate representation of the political, international impact of re-introduction of Capital Punishment to the UK. Part One: The Legal Effects of the Re-introduction of Capital Punishment 1.1 History 1.1.2 The early days – reducing the scope of the offence The first death penalty reforms were introduced by Samuel Romilly in 1808, who sought to remove this form of punishment from over two-hundred various crimes. These crimes were referred to as England’s â€Å"Bloody Code† and included such offences as remaining in the company of gypsies for a minimum of one month[1], the vagrancy of soldiers and sailors[2] and ‘strong evidence of malice’ in children ranging between the ages of seven and fourteen years. Following this early era of reform the early 1830s saw the removal of the penalty for petty crimes such as shop lifting, sacrilege and the theft of mail. The emphasis at this time was a clear campaign to remove the disproportionate trends of the criminal justice system. The result of these reforms did however reveal a higher instance of convictions but it is widely held that poverty and starvation were an additional contributing factor to the occurrence of these lesser crimes[3]. The reforms continued through to 1843 with the removal of gibbeting, which entailed the public display of the executed dead in cages and, finally, by 1861 the death penalty remained for only four separate and serious offences, which were murder, arson in royal dockyards, piracy with violence and, treason[4], of which the latter two crimes continued to carry the death sentence until the enactment of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. 1.1.3 Limiting the mode of execution As well as limiting the number of crimes that fell within the scope for the death penalty, the methods of execution were also reduced. In 1868, public hanging was outlawed[5] and the punishment of being hung, drawn and quartered was condemned to the history books in 1870[6]. By the start of the 20th century the compulsory form of death for murder was hanging. 1.1.4 A picture of the early 20th century dilema There did however exist the discretion of the jury to aid the ‘recommendation to mercy’ but this was fully reversible by the Home Secretary[7]. Further to this, appeals in the Court of Appeal were to be heard only once and only for the points of law that had amounted to the prima facie case for conviction. House of Lords appeals were strictly allowable at the exclusive discretion of the Attorney General who was to decide whether the particular case involved significant points of law that merited further examination[8]. The result of any successful appeal was the reduction of sentencing to that of life imprisonment but the Home Secretary did later obtain the power to obtain the opinion of a medical panel to determine the mental capacity of the condemned offender[9]. 1.1.5 After the world wars The issue of controversy over the death penalty did not once again grab full media and political attention until after the end of the second world war, when capital punishment became a focus of the British media[10]. The delay in reform was of course a direct result of the suspension of legislative reform that took place during the war, and was the ultimate reason for the shelving of the original 1938 Commons vote to abolish the death sentence over an experimental period of five years[11]. Following the war there were in fact a number of lobbies both for and against the death penalty as well as overall concerns over the innocence of many of those condemned to die. To date, since 1945, there have been three posthumous pardons for Mr Timothy Evans in 1966[12] and Mahmood Mattan and Derek Bently in 1998[13]. 1.1.6 The emergence of new but flawed limitations to Capital Punishment In 1948 the then Labour Government created the Royal Commission on the death penalty but it was not until the election of the Conservative Government when a true legislative compromise was introduced in the form of the Homicide Act 1957. This act was in fact a direct result of the gross miscarriages of justice that had taken place in the years since the war and acted to reduce the scope of the sentence to a mere six kinds of murder. The first was murder executed in the furtherance of theft, followed by murder as a result of shooting or causing an explosion. The third scenario was murder carried out within the course of resisting arrest or while attempting to escape. The fourth and fifth was the murder of a police officer or prison officer while in prison and finally, the sixth murder charge that carried the death penalty was when there were at least two murders on separate occasions. It is clear that the ethos behind this restriction was to reserve the most profound of sentence to the most acute and extreme manifestations of the crime of murder, thereby theoretically condemning to death those few criminals who were deemed to deserve to die[14]. There were however three problems associated with this so-called compromise. In the first place, while this rationale was a step up from the carte blanche capital punishment of all murderers it is clear from analysis of the selected forms of death bearing murders that there was no justifiable reason for such a profound distinction between murder by stabbing and murder by gunshot wound. Secondly, the ultimate flaw here was that the distinctions were wholly based on the actus reus of the crime and not on the mens rea with the result that, in order to avoid the death penalty, perpetrators would become aware of the law and choose their method wisely. Thirdly the provisions of the Homicide Act 1957 did absolutely nothing to curb the suspicions of miscarriages of justice that remained for such cases as that of James Hanratty, who was executed in April of 1962 for shooting Michael Gregsten[15]. Finally, the last executions in Britain, which were of Peter Anthony Allen and Gwynne Owen Evans took place in August 1964 who together murdered John West while robbing his home earlier in the same year. 1.1.7 The abolishment of Capital Punishment in the UK In 1965 Sidney Silverman produced his private members bill that proposed a five year trial for the abolishment of the death penalty, which was indoctrinated in the Murder (Abolition of the Death Penalty) Act 1965. A further vote in 1969 in the House of Commons sealed the fate of the death penalty in Britain as it slipped into the history books and was abolished for good. This status followed in 1973 in Northern Ireland and neither portion of the British Isles have looked back since. 1.1.8 Since Abolishment While there have been more that ten attempts to reintroduce the death penalty in the UK, the last pre-Human Rights Act, Commons vote for hanging as a result of shooting a police officer on duty resulted in a 197 majority in favour of continued abolition. In addition to clear political favour against hanging, there are a number of high profile cases that, since the abolishment of the death penalty, would have resulted in death by hanging but were later revealed to have been gross miscarriages of justice of which the Birmingham Six is one of the most notable examples. Until the enactment of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, the death penalty remained in force for treason and piracy with violence although at no point in the time since the abolishment for murder were these sentences ever carried out. Finally, sovereignty over the matter of the death penalty was officially removed in 1999 when Jack Straw signed the Sixth Protocol of the European Convention of Human Rights and in 2002, the Thirteenth Protocol was also signed. The full effects of this are set out below in part 1.2. 1.2 Effects of the Human Rights Act 1998 and the ECHR 1.2.1 Relevant Provisions of the ECHR, Identifying the relationship between the original convention and further human rights provisions. 1.2.1.1 The general applicable provisions The preamble of the ECHR (European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) states that signatories: reaffirming their profound belief in those fundamental freedoms which are the foundation of justice and peace in the world and are best maintained on the one hand by an effective political democracy and on the other hand by a common understanding and observance of the human rights upon which they depend; being resolved, as the governments of European countries which are like-minded and have a common heritage of political traditions, ideals, freedom and the rule of law, to take the first steps for the collective enforcement of certain of the rights stated in the Universal Declaration†¦ The concept of a foundation for justice and peace, as is stated above and was written in 1950, did not at first encompass abolishment of the death penalty but this changed with the enactment of the sixth protocol, which directly concerns the abolishment of the death penalty as an extrapolation of the more general provision under Article 2 of the Convention and stipulates the basic right to life. Article 2(1) states: â€Å"1. Everyones right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law.† It is this breadth of wording that facilitates both wide interpretation and, in relation to the right to life in particular, a wide scope for discretion to exclude or include issues based solely on the political climate of the day. Indeed, at the time of the assignation to the ECHR in 1951, the campaign for the abolishment of the death penalty did not gather huge momentum in light of this provision. 1.2.1.2 The Addition of formal, specific ratifications on the abolishment of the death penalty. Jack Straw MP signed the 6th protocol of 1983 on January 29, 1999, in which Article 1 states that: â€Å"The death penalty shall be abolished. No one shall be condemned to such penalty or executed.† While the provision is extremely clear cut on this basis, there was an exception provided for under Article 2 of Protocol 6, which provided that: â€Å"A State may make provision in its law for the death penalty in respect of acts committed in time of war or of imminent threat of war; such penalty shall be applied only in the instances laid down in the law and in accordance with its provisions. The State shall communicate to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe the relevant provisions of that law.† The exception to the death penalty abolishment to times of war was repealed following ratification of Protocol 13 in 2002, which came into force on 1 July, 2003.[16] This therefore made it also contrary to the European Convention to legislate for lawful capital punishment during times of war. 1.2.1.3 The overall impact of ratification of specific death penalty provisions Prior to enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998, ratification of the ECHR alone meant that recourse could only be had to it when raised at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. In relation to Articles 8 on the right to privacy and Article 14 on the prohibition of discrimination, there is a myriad of case law on this point, some of which was successful such as P v S Cornwall County Council[17] on the coverage of gender reassignment as falling within the scope of Article. However some cases did fall prey to the overtly wide provisions of the ECHR and failed. An example is that of Grant v Southwest Trains Ltd[18] in which it was held that the definition of ‘sex’ under the provision of Article 14 did not encompass sexual orientation. With regard to the 6th and 13th Protocols, there exists no such danger of judicial discretion in the exercise of provision interpretation for the simple reason that the wording of these annexes are sufficiently precise to ensure that all signatories to these protocols will harbour citizens who may consciously rely on the provisions under EU jurisdiction. It will however be shown in part two that, despite this misgiving, there is a further political tool for the inclusion of abolition of the death penalty at European level, which is that indoctrination facilitates the use of this policy as a condition of EU Membership. It is in precisely this area that Turkey is having severe setbacks on their journey to EU Membership, and this is set out below under Part 1.4. 1.3 Comparison with the USA the need to repeal the human rights Act 1.3.1 Brief Background of the legal circumstances that permit the death penalty in the USA. 1.3.1.1 Judicial interpretation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments – Furman v Georgia[19] The death penalty in the USA is constantly debated on account of there being heated disagreement over whether or not Capital punishment is caught by the Eighth Amendment, which states that: â€Å"Excessive Bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted[20]†. The Fourteenth Amendment (Section 1) is also relevant for the consideration of applicable Constitution provisions that regulate the rights that are affected by the imposition of the death penalty. This states that: â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities o citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.[21]† In 1972, the case of Furman v Georgia[22] it was held that the imposition of the death penalty did amount to ‘cruel and unusual punishment’ that contradicted the Eighth Amendment and was also a moral affront to the perceptions of justice by the American people. Justice Brennan remarked that: â€Å"Today death is a uniquely and unusually severe punishment. When examined by the principles applicable under the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause, death stands condemned as fatally offensive to human dignity. The punishment of death is therefore cruel and unusual, and the States may no longer inflict it as a punishment for crimes.[23]† In relation to the Fourteenth Amendment, it was successfully argued that the obvious disparity in the provision of adequate legal advice was a clear cause of depravity of due process. The crux of the argument on this matter surrounded the fact that the rich would be able to afford the best legal advice, the poor would be provided with the best legal advice and the middle classes would receive little aid and with their more modest financial resources, were able to afford counsel, although not the best. 1.3.1.2 Reinterpretation – Gregg v Georgia[24] The decision of Furman v Georgia was however overturned in Gregg v Georgia[25] in which Justice Brennan maintained his stance and dissented. The judgement was however split eight to three, and of those who lent a hand to re-impose the death penalty it was stated that the Georgian law on the matter did not impose a cruel or unusual form of punishment as the death penalty in general constituted a form of retribution that would not be against the morals of the American people and that arguments against its effects as a significant deterrent were deemed to be inconclusive and therefore, unreliable. With regard to retribution, Justice Stewart quoted from his own concurring opinion in Furman v Georgia, in which he stated that: â€Å"The instinct for retribution is part of the nature of man, and channelling that instinct in the administration of criminal justice serves an important purpose in promoting the stability of a society governed by law. When people begin to believe that organized society is unwilling or unable to impose upon criminal offenders the punishment they deserve, then there are sown the seeds of anarchy of self-help, vigilante justice, and lynch law[26]† As retaliation to the above notion of anarchy, Justice Stewart quoted from the dissenting answer by Justice Powell, who said that in relation to anarchy: â€Å"Retribution is no longer the dominant objective of the criminal law,[27]† but neither is it a forbidden objective, nor one inconsistent with our respect for the dignity of men[28]† With regard to the accusation of breach of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Georgian statute was deemed to have been precise enough to prevent the capricious and arbitrary application of the death penalty on account of there being specific guidelines for the jury on the matter of deciding the case. On the basis of this argument is was therefore held that there was adequate ‘due process’ that would prevent the death sentence from falling foul of the Fourteenth Amendment. On this matter, Justice Stewart stated that the Georgian Statute: â€Å"†¦focus(es) the jurys attention on the particularized nature of the crime and the particularized characteristics of the individual defendant. While the jury is permitted to consider any aggravating or mitigating circumstances, it must find and identify at least one statutory aggravating factor before it may impose a penalty of death. In this way, the jurys discretion is channelled. No longer can a jury wantonly and freakishly impose the death sentence; it is always circumscribed by the legislative guidelines†¦[29]† 1.3.2 Commentary of the Re-interpretation in Gregg v Georgia[30] GreenhalghÙ ­ states that there are two problems with this interpretation of Amendments in Gregg v Georgia.[31] Firstly, the opinions of the concurring judges weakly distinguished the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment in the Eighth Amendment with the death penalty on the basis of the mode of execution. Recently, Georgia has abolished use of the electric chair and now only the lethal injection is the acceptable mode of execution that may be carried out in this State[32]. However, the method of execution continues to be the wrong focus for the ascertainment of Criminal Justice and the Supreme Court fully failed to argue that the deprivation of life or punishment, where the result is actual death, was both cruel and unusual. The method of execution is therefore irrelevant and need not have been dissected as a point of distinction in law[33]. Secondly, Greenhalgh continues by stating that there was equally wrongful focus on the determination that due process under the Fourteenth Amendment was fulfilled on the basis of ten aggravating circumstances that were to correctly guide the jury. There was equally inadequate examination of the argument over ability to afford the better counsel for the defence[34], as well as complete disregard for the issue of race disparity on death row[35]. The correct path to have taken was that due process is never fulfilled where counsel for the defendant is faced with the task of saving a man’s life every time he acts within his duty in a capital offence trial. Further to this, due process is equally flawed where the prosecution is set the task of persuading the jury to condemn the defendant to death. The argument here therefore, is that, in non warlike scenarios, and where self defence does not enter the equation, no one should be required to engage in the facilitation of involuntary k illing as part of their career. There is also a second argument, namely that due process extends beyond the trial and continues throughout the sentence so that appeals may be lodged where new evidence comes to light. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont stated in 2001 that he was greatly concerned over the fact that, since 1976, 85 prisoners on death row were exonerated on the basis of new evidence and that a number of these had occurred only days before execution[36]. He asserts that the issue is not one of a mere state or two, but is nationwide, thereby making academic analysis of the US system an ideal national focus as opposed to mere State-to-State comparison. The Senator states: â€Å"The appalling number of exonerations, and the fact that they span so many States—a substantial majority of the States that have the death penalty—makes it clearer than ever that the crisis I spoke of last year is real, and that it is national in its scope. This is not an â€Å"Illinois problem† or a â€Å"Texas problem.[37]† Clearly, for those that are exonerated after death, there is utter futility and pointlessness with the exception of empty and shell like, posthumous dignity. In order to combat this, the Innocence Protection Act was passed in 2001 with the aim of: â€Å"†¦reducing the risk that innocent persons may be executed. Most urgently, the bill would afford greater access to DNA testing by convicted offenders, and help States improve the quality of legal representation in capital cases.[38]† This is once again an attempt to gloss over the deprivation of due process that is taken at the point of death and is clearly a savage desire to retain the death penalty to the expensive extent to installing legislation for the purpose of ensuring as fair a trial as possible. 1.3.3 Comparison with the ECHR – The requirement to abolish the Human Rights Act 1998 Like the wording of Article 2 of the ECHR, the scope of meaning for the vocabulary of both the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments is utterly imprecise. This therefore allows for the common but unannounced practice of reverse judgement whereby a decision is reached prior to the submission of counsel for both the prosecution and the defence and ratio are devised in order to justify he finding in law. However, unlike the ECHR, there is no express prohibition of the death penalty, as located under protocols 6 and 13 to the Convention, which means that the whole question of abolishment lies in the exclusive hands of the Supreme Court of the United States. Therefore, as a matter of jurisdiction, the Supreme Court is set the task of independently interpreting the Constitution, whereas the EU has made it perfectly clear that this issue is far too profound to be considered judicially. 1.3.4 Is the UK’s only recourse to repeal the Human Rights Act? The result for the UK is therefore clear and repeal of the Human Rights Act 1998 would be wholly necessary in order to re-introduce the death penalty. This is explained in more detail under part 1.4 in relation to the full spectrum of legal requirements and consequences of re-introducing the death penalty in the UK. 1.4 The legal Consequences for Britain as an EU Member State and the Current Turkey Situation 1.4.1 The Legal Consequences for Britain The standpoint of the EU on the concept of the death penalty is outwardly precise and any attempt of the UK to introduce this form of sentencing would cause a direct breach of protocol 13, thereby going against the policy under the s 3 (1) of the Act, which states that all legislation is to be read as being in accordance with the provisions of the ECHR. The enactment of incompatible legislation would fall foul of investigation by